TLR
TLRs are among the most well-studied and well-characterized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), due to their ability to detect a variety of pathogenassociated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as lipids, proteins, lipoproteins, and nucleic acids. To date, 10 human TLRs have been identified, and each TLR has a specific set of ligands that it can detect. TLR4 recognizes the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria. TLR2 can heterodimerize with TLR1 or TLR6, and recognize peptidoglycan, lipopeptide, and lipoproteins. TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). TLR5 has been shown to recognize bacterial flagellin. TLR7 and TLR8 can recognize imidazoquinolines and single-stranded RNA. TLR9 recognizes bacterial and viral CpG DNA motifs and the malaria pigment hemozoin. Although the ligand for TLR10 is currently unknown, it has been demonstrated that TLR10 can heterodimerize with TLR1 or TLR2. Whereas all TLRs can mediate the production of inflammatory cytokines, activation of TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 can result in the production of type I IFNs that are important for antiviral immune responses.
After recognizing PAMPs, TLRs activate intracellular signaling pathways that lead to the induction of inflammatory cytokine genes such as TNF, IL-6, IL-1 and IL-12. MyD88 is a universal adapter that activates inflammatory pathways; it is shared by all TLRs with the exception of TLR3. Recruitment of MyD88 leads to the activation of MAP kinases (MAPKs) (ERK, JNK, p38) and the transcription factor NF- B to control the expression of inflammatory cytokine genes. TIRAP mediates the activation of a MyD88-dependent pathway downstream of TLR2 and TLR4. TRIF is recruited to TLR3 and TLR4, and activates an alternative pathway (TRIF-dependent pathway) that culminates in the activation of NF- B, MAPKs and the transcription factor IRF3. Activation of IRF3 is pivotal for induction of type I IFN, particularly IFN. TRAM selectively participates in the activation of the TRIF-dependent pathway downstream of TLR4, but not TLR3.
References
1.Brown J, et al. J Dent Res. 2011;90(4):417–427.
2.Kawai T,et al. Semin Immunol. 2007;19(1):24–32.
After recognizing PAMPs, TLRs activate intracellular signaling pathways that lead to the induction of inflammatory cytokine genes such as TNF, IL-6, IL-1 and IL-12. MyD88 is a universal adapter that activates inflammatory pathways; it is shared by all TLRs with the exception of TLR3. Recruitment of MyD88 leads to the activation of MAP kinases (MAPKs) (ERK, JNK, p38) and the transcription factor NF- B to control the expression of inflammatory cytokine genes. TIRAP mediates the activation of a MyD88-dependent pathway downstream of TLR2 and TLR4. TRIF is recruited to TLR3 and TLR4, and activates an alternative pathway (TRIF-dependent pathway) that culminates in the activation of NF- B, MAPKs and the transcription factor IRF3. Activation of IRF3 is pivotal for induction of type I IFN, particularly IFN. TRAM selectively participates in the activation of the TRIF-dependent pathway downstream of TLR4, but not TLR3.
References
1.Brown J, et al. J Dent Res. 2011;90(4):417–427.
2.Kawai T,et al. Semin Immunol. 2007;19(1):24–32.
Immunology/Inflammation
Amino Acids and Derivatives(42)
Antiviral(77)
CD110(2)
Cell wall(0)
Complement System(33)
FLAP(9)
Hydroxylase(14)
Interferon Receptor(6)
IRAK(24)
IκB kinase (IKK)(41)
Lipoxygenase(53)
LTR(13)
MyD88(6)
NOS(85)
PD-1/PD-L1(38)
PGE synthase(14)
RLR(4)
ROS(61)
Scavenger Receptor(2)
SphK(3)
STING(27)
TLR(68)
TLR
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Chloranil
产品货号 : M37280
cas no: 118-75-2
Chloranil (tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone) triggers inflammation and neurological dysfunction through Toll-like receptor 4 signaling and can be used to model inflammation in mice. -
Tomaralimab
产品货号 : M36786
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Tomaralimab (OPN-305) 是一种人源化的抗-TLR2 (anti-TLR2) IgG4 单克隆抗体。Tomaralimab 具有研究骨髓增生异常综合征 (MDS) 的潜力。 -
CpG ODN 10101
产品货号 : M36617
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CpG ODN 10101 是一种合成寡脱氧核苷酸 (ODN),是一种 Toll 样受体 9 (TLR9) 激动剂。 当与 HH2(VQLRIRVAVIRA-NH2) 结合使用时,CpG ODN 10101 是一种有效的体外细胞因子/趋化因子表达诱导剂。 CpG ODN 10101 诱导树突状细胞 (DC) 分泌 IFN 并刺激 B 细胞。CpG ODN 10101 具有抗病毒和免疫调节特性,可影响慢性 HCV 感染。 -
ODN 1826
产品货号 : M36602
cas no: 202668-42-6
ODN 1826 (CpG 1826) 为 B 类 CpG ODN (寡脱氧核苷酸),是一种 TLR9 激动剂。ODN 1826 促进细胞凋亡 Apoptosis。ODN 1826 是一种极好的免疫刺激剂,具有抗肿瘤活性。ODN 1826 有保护心脏作用。ODN 1826 序列:5’-tccatgacgttcctgacgtt-3’。 -
AXC-715 trihydrochloride
产品货号 : M36450
cas no: 2479276-17-8
AXC-715 (T785) trihydrochloride 是一种 TLR7/TLR8 双激动剂,从专利 WO2020168017 A1 中获得。AXC-715 trihydrochloride 可用于合成抗体佐剂免疫偶联物,偶联物包括一个与程序性死亡配体 1 (PD-L1) 连接到一个或多个佐剂的抗体结构上。