AOH1996 is an orally active ligand for the replicasome component PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen), targeting the transcription-replication conflict (TRC). It interferes with the interaction of PCNA with its binding proteins, leading to DNA replication stress and apoptosis. AOH1996 causes proteasome-dependent rpb1 degradation and lethal DNA damage by stabilizing the interaction between PCNA and RNA polymerase II, and acts synergistically with DNA damaging agents to inhibit tumor cell growth.

HNPMI 是 EGFR 抑制剂，对肿瘤细胞有细胞毒性作用。HNPMI 可以下调骨桥蛋白、生存素和组织蛋白酶 S 的蛋白水平，从而导致细胞凋亡 (apoptosis)。HNPMI 还可以通过调节 CRC 细胞系中的 BCL-2/BAX 和 p53 来抑制肿瘤发生。

FMAU 是一种胸腺嘧啶核苷类似物。该系列的类似物对复制的 DNA 具有插入活性。它们可用于标记细胞，追踪 DNA 合成。