Methyl nomilinate from citrus can modulate cell cycle regulators to induce cytotoxicity in human colon cancer (SW480) cells in vitro.

3'-Hydroxy-4'-methoxyacetophenone is an active P. spinosa extract. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and prevented injuries due to administration of acetic acid in the colon.

Epigambogic acid is a natural compound that can be extracted from plants such as cotton root and sweetgum.