Tubuloside A ( 8.6 microM) can inhibit D-galactosamine-induced death of hepatocytes. Tubuloside A has NO radical-scavenging activity, which possibly contributes to its anti-inflammatory effects.

UDP-Glucose sodium salt is an endogenous nucleotide sugar involved in glycosyltransferase reactions in metabolism. It is an agonist of the P2Y14 receptor (EC50 = 0.35 μM). It can also bind to and activate GPR17 inducing oligodendrocyte differentiation at a maximal concentration of 100 μM.

2-Phenylethylamine hydrochloride acts as neuromodulator in the central nervous system.?It stimulates the release of norepinephrine and dopamine and is metabolized by monoamine oxidases as well as other enzymes.