X-Gluc二环己胺是一种检测β-葡萄糖醛酸酶的试剂，可用于分子生物学实验中标记和选择目标基因的表达。

HIF-1 alpha (556-574) is a hypoxia-inducible factor-1 19-mer fragment. HIF-1 functions as master regulator of response to oxygen homeostasis. Hypoxia-induced gene expression is initiated when HIF-1subunit is stabilized in response to a lack of oxygen. This part of HIF-1 binds to the von Hippel-Lindau factor (VHL) an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and the proline 564 is absolutely vital to the binding process.

(R)-(-)-GR103545 富马酸盐是一种化合物。