Brandioside shows strong antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects, it significantly attenuates glutamate-induced neurotoxicity at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 microM; it exhibits significant inhibition of advanced glycation end product formation with the IC50 value of 4.6-25.7 μM.

This is amino acids 86 to 100 fragment of class II-associated invariant chain peptide called CLIP. The major histocompatibility complex class II molecule displays peptide fragments of foreign proteins to trigger a defensive reaction from the immune system. Before insertion of the foreign peptides into the binding groove, a place-holding peptide CLIP is removed. This is accomplished by the molecule DM, which is shown to increase the dissociation rate of a CLIP peptide from class II.

(Nle8·18,Tyr34)-pTH (7-34) amide (bovine)