Isohomovanillic acid (3-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenylacetic acid) 由乙酸乙酯在 pH 值为 2 的条件下从尿液中提取而来。Isohomovanillic acid 在许多正常人尿中并不明显。

Fluorofenidone 部分通过 PI3K/Akt 信号通路抑制 NADPH 氧化酶和细胞外基质 (ECM) 沉积来减轻肾间质纤维化的进展。

Jagged-1 (188-204) TFA is a fragment of the JAG-1 protein. JAG-1 is Notch ligand, a peptide that is the most conspicuously expressed ligand in skin. JAG-1 induces epidermal maturation. Exposing submerged keratinocytes monolayers to JAG-1 with elevated calcium concentration produces stratification with loricrin expression and NF-alphaB activation.