Highly potent integrin α1β1 inhibitor (IC50 = 0.8 nM for α1β1 binding to type IV collagen). Selective for α1β1 over α2β1, αIIbβ3, αvβ3, α4β1, α5β6, α9β1 and α4β7. Inhibits FGF2-stimulated angiogenesis in the chicken chorioallantoic model. Displays antitumor efficacy in a synergistic mouse model of Lewis lung carcinoma; blocks human melanoma growth in nude mice.

Gymnemanol 是一种三萜，能够从匙羹藤 (Gymnema sylvestre) 中分离得到。

L-葡萄糖是D-葡萄糖的对映体。 L-葡萄糖不能作为能量来源被细胞生物利用，因为它不能被己糖激酶磷酸化。