Potent, high affinity apelin receptor agonist (IC50 = 0.27 nM; Kd = 0.51 nM). Exhibits no binding GPR15 and GPR25. Activates the PI3K/AKT pathway and promotes self-renewal of hESCs via cell-cycle progression and protein translation. Also potentiates the TGFβ pathway, priming hESCs toward the endoderm lineage. Stimulates angiogenesis in HUVEC cells. Relaxes mouse aortic vessels. Functions as an anorexigenic hormone through activation of the AVP and CRH neurons in the PVN.

Parasin I (TFA) is a 19-amino acid histone H2A-derived peptide isolated from the skin of the catfish, and shows antimicrobial activity.

PKM2 activator 2 是一种具有抗增殖作用的丙酮酸激酶 M2 (PKM2) 激活剂，AC50 为 66 nM。PKM2 activator 2 可能具有抗肿瘤增殖作用，并缓解 Warburg 效应，因为 PKM2 激活可使细胞恢复正常糖酵解代谢状态。