Anionic interaction of Beta-amyloid (1-11) with Factor XII is suspected to cause massive activation of the C4 (complement 4) system in the cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer’s disease patients.

GRGDSPK acetate shows inhibitory activity against integrin-fibronectin binding and can be used in research on integrins in bone formation and resorption.

Amyloid β-peptide fragment; minimum section required to bind to brain proteins. Binds with high affinity to α7-nicotinic ACh receptors, and impairs memory retention following central administration in mice in vivo.