Trans-Petroselinic acid, the trans isomer of petroselinic acid and an isomer of oleic acid, is detected in the milk fat of cows, goats, and ewes, as well as human breast milk. In HepG2 cells, when treated with trans-petroselinic acid (100 μM), there is an increase in the cellular content of triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters. Additionally, it upregulates the transcription of genes associated with fatty acid synthesis (SREBP-1c, ACACA, FASN, SCD1) and cholesterol synthesis (HMGCR, HMGCS1, FDFT1, SREBP-2).

TAT-amide TFA is a cell penetrating peptide. The cell - penetrating peptides (CPPs) is a kind of access to the short amino acid sequence of different cells.

丙二酸二乙酯天然存在于葡萄和草莓中。