Kemptide is a synthetic heptapeptide, acting as a substrate for cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PK).

PF-4840154 is a potent, selective agonist of the rat and human TrpA1 channel and elicited TrpA1-mediated nocifensive behaviour in mouse, with EC50 of 97 nM and 23 nM for rTrpA1 and hTrpA1, respectively.

The impact of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) signaling might be prominent in lupus because (i) Syk is a shared downstream signaling molecule among circulating immune complex, LPS, and (1→3)-β-D-glucan (BG), and (ii) all of these factors are detectable in the serum of Fc gamma receptor IIb-deficient (FcgRIIb-/-) mice with sepsis. Syk inhibition downregulated several inflammatory pathways in FcgRIIb-/- macrophages activated with BG + LPS suggesting the potential anti-inflammatory impact of Syk inhibitors in lupus.