Betulinic acid methyl ester showed antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites in vitro.It also inhibited B16 2F2 cell proliferation by induction of apoptosis.

Methyl nomilinate from citrus can modulate cell cycle regulators to induce cytotoxicity in human colon cancer (SW480) cells in vitro.

N-Valyltryptophan is an incomplete breakdown product of protein catabolism or protein digestion.