Human proinsulin, the single-chain peptide precursor of insulin, consists of the insulin A and B chains connected by the 31 amino acid C-peptide. Cleavage of proinsulin by proteolytic enzymes produces insulin and free C-peptide.

(S)-(-)-Pulegone is a monoterpenoid with anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic effects.

3'-Methoxyapiin 是一种来自 Eminium spiculatum 草药的黄酮类化合物。